Class 9 Physics Chapter 2 Complete Guide Book — Kinematics | PunjabTest.com

Class 9 Physics Chapter 2 — Kinematics
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📑 اس Chapter میں یہ Topics ہیں / اس باب میں یہ ٹاپکس ہیں

  1. 2. ➡️ Scalars, Vectors and the Head-to-Tail Rule — اسکیلر، ویکٹر اور ہیڈ ٹو ٹیل اصول
  2. 3. 🏃 Distance, Displacement, Speed and Velocity — فاصلہ، ڈسپلیسمنٹ، رفتار اور ویلوسٹی
  3. 6. 🍎 Motion Under Gravity — کشش ثقل کے تحت حرکت
PROVENANCE / ماخذ کی وضاحت

This revised page was built from the existing Class 9 Physics library chapter (chapter-2-complete-guide-book.html) in the same series. No official Class 9 Physics book copy was on disk for a fresh page-by-page check, so no book page numbers are claimed and the exercise is carried over from the master chapter as given, not newly verified against the book. Answers follow the master chapter. Section A Question 2.10 is graph-based: the master gives no textual options and no answer letter, so it is shown with its descriptive answer and left unmarked — no option has been invented for it.

یہ نظرثانی شدہ صفحہ اسی سلسلے کے موجودہ جماعت نہم فزکس کے باب سے بنایا گیا ہے۔ کتاب کی کوئی مصدقہ نقل ڈسک پر موجود نہیں تھی، اس لیے کتاب کے صفحہ نمبرز کا دعویٰ نہیں کیا گیا، اور ایکسرسائز ماسٹر باب سے جوں کی توں لی گئی ہے۔

2. ➡️ Scalars, Vectors and the Head-to-Tail Ruleاسکیلر، ویکٹر اور ہیڈ ٹو ٹیل اصول
🏷 Tags: scalars, vectors, head-to-tail, rule
ENGLISH

Scalars have magnitude only: distance, mass, time, speed, energy, temperature. Vectors have magnitude and direction: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, momentum.

A vector is drawn as an arrow: length = magnitude, arrowhead = direction. Head-to-tail rule: place the tail of the second vector at the head of the first; the resultant is drawn from the tail of the first to the head of the last. Vectors are sometimes written in scalar (non-bold) notation with a sign or angle showing direction.

اردو

اسکیلر میں صرف مقدار ہوتی ہے: فاصلہ، کمیت، وقت، رفتار، توانائی۔ ویکٹر میں مقدار اور سمت دونوں ہوتی ہیں: ڈسپلیسمنٹ، ویلوسٹی، ایکسلریشن، فورس، وزن۔

ویکٹر کو تیر سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے: لمبائی = مقدار، نوک = سمت۔ ہیڈ ٹو ٹیل اصول: دوسرے ویکٹر کی دم پہلے کے سر سے ملائیں؛ نتیجہ پہلے کی دم سے آخری کے سر تک کھینچا جاتا ہے۔

Vector AVector BResultant: tail of first → head of last
Figure samjho: Head-to-tail addition of two vectors and their resultant.
ہیڈ ٹو ٹیل طریقے سے دو ویکٹرز کا مجموعہ۔
3. 🏃 Distance, Displacement, Speed and Velocityفاصلہ، ڈسپلیسمنٹ، رفتار اور ویلوسٹی
🏷 Tags: distance, displacement, speed, velocity
ENGLISH

Distance is the total path length (scalar). Displacement is the shortest straight-line change of position, with direction (vector). So displacement ÷ distance is always equal to or less than one — they are equal only for straight-line motion in one direction.

Speed v = distance ÷ time (scalar). Velocity v = displacement ÷ time (vector). A body moving with uniform speed around a circle has non-uniform velocity, because its direction keeps changing. Average speed/velocity use total distance/displacement ÷ total time.

اردو

فاصلہ طے شدہ کل راستہ ہے (اسکیلر)۔ ڈسپلیسمنٹ سیدھی لکیر میں مقام کی تبدیلی ہے، سمت کے ساتھ (ویکٹر)۔ اس لیے ڈسپلیسمنٹ اور فاصلے کا تناسب ہمیشہ ایک یا اس سے کم ہوتا ہے۔

رفتار = فاصلہ ÷ وقت۔ ویلوسٹی = ڈسپلیسمنٹ ÷ وقت۔ دائرے میں یکساں رفتار سے چلنے والے جسم کی ویلوسٹی یکساں نہیں ہوتی کیونکہ سمت بدلتی رہتی ہے۔

Curved path = distance (longer)Straight dashed line = displacement (shorter)
Figure samjho: Distance (curved path) vs displacement (straight line).
فاصلہ (خمیدہ راستہ) بمقابلہ ڈسپلیسمنٹ (سیدھی لکیر)۔
6. 🍎 Motion Under Gravityکشش ثقل کے تحت حرکت
🏷 Tags: motion, under, gravity
ENGLISH

Near the Earth, falling bodies have the same constant acceleration g = 10 m s−2 downward (in this book), whatever their mass — a heavier body does not fall faster than a lighter one (ignoring air resistance). The equations of motion apply with a = g: e.g. a stone dropped from 45 m takes t = √(2S/g) = √(90/10) = 3 s and hits the ground at v = gt = 30 m s−1.

A ball thrown vertically upward with velocity v returns to the ground in time T; its velocity–time graph is a straight line from +v to −v, crossing zero at T/2 (the highest point). Uniform acceleration from a non-zero velocity gives a straight v–t line that does not pass through the origin.

اردو

زمین کے قریب گرنے والے اجسام کی ایکسلریشن یکساں g = 10 m/s² نیچے کی طرف ہوتی ہے، چاہے کمیت کچھ بھی ہو — بھاری جسم ہلکے سے تیز نہیں گرتا (ہوا کی مزاحمت نظر انداز کریں)۔ حرکت کی مساواتیں a = g کے ساتھ لاگو ہوتی ہیں۔

اوپر پھینکی گئی گیند کا ویلوسٹی–وقت گراف ایک سیدھی لکیر ہے جو +v سے −v تک جاتی ہے اور T/2 پر صفر سے گزرتی ہے۔

vtv–t for a ball thrown up: +v → 0 → −vZero at T/2 (highest point), g = 10 m/s² throughout
Figure samjho: Velocity–time graph of a ball thrown vertically upward.
اوپر پھینکی گئی گیند کا ویلوسٹی–وقت گراف۔
Section E: Numerical Problemsحصہ ہ: عددی مسائل
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
2.1 Draw the representative lines of the following vectors: (a) A velocity of 400 m s−1 making an angle of 60° with x-axis. (b) A force of 50 N making an angle of 120° with x-axis.

Answer: (a) Choose a scale (e.g. 1 cm = 100 m s−1), draw a 4 cm arrow at 60° above the x-axis. (b) Choose a scale (e.g. 1 cm = 10 N), draw a 5 cm arrow at 120° from the +x-axis (i.e. 60° above the −x direction). جواب: (الف) 4 cm کا تیر 60° پر، (ب) 5 cm کا تیر 120° پر (مناسب اسکیل سے)۔

2.2 A car is moving with an average speed of 72 km h−1. How much time will it take to cover a distance of 360 km? (Book answer: 5 h)

Answer: Time = distance ÷ speed = 360 ÷ 72 = 5 h. جواب: 5 گھنٹے۔

2.3 A truck starts from rest. It reaches a velocity of 90 km h−1 in 50 seconds. Find its average acceleration. (Book answer: 0.5 m s−2)

Answer: 90 km h−1 = 25 m s−1. a = (25 − 0) ÷ 50 = 0.5 m s−2. جواب: 0.5 m/s²۔

2.4 A car passes a green traffic signal while moving with a velocity of 5 m s−1. It then accelerates to 1.5 m s−2. What is the velocity of car after 5 seconds? (Book answer: 12.5 m s−1)

Answer: vf = 5 + 1.5 × 5 = 5 + 7.5 = 12.5 m s−1. جواب: 12.5 m/s۔

2.5 A motorcycle initially travelling at 18 km h−1 accelerates at constant rate of 2 m s−2. How far will the motorcycle go in 10 seconds? (Book answer: 150 m)

Answer: 18 km h−1 = 5 m s−1. S = 5 × 10 + ½ × 2 × 100 = 50 + 100 = 150 m. جواب: 150 m۔

2.6 A wagon is moving on the road with a velocity of 54 km h−1. Brakes are applied suddenly. The wagon covers a distance of 25 m before stopping. Determine the acceleration of the wagon. (Book answer: −4.5 m s−2)

Answer: 54 km h−1 = 15 m s−1. 2aS = 0 − 152 → a = −225 ÷ 50 = −4.5 m s−2 (retardation 4.5 m s−2). جواب: ‎−4.5 m/s² (رکاوٹ)۔

2.7 A stone is dropped from a height of 45 m. How long will it take to reach the ground? What will be its velocity just before hitting the ground? (Book answer: 3 s, 30 m s−1)

Answer: S = ½gt2 → 45 = 5t2 → t = 3 s. v = gt = 10 × 3 = 30 m s−1. جواب: 3 سیکنڈ، 30 m/s۔

2.8 A car travels 10 km with an average velocity of 20 m s−1. Then it travels in the same direction through a diversion at an average velocity of 4 m s−1 for the next 0.8 km. Determine the average velocity of the car for the total journey. (Book answer: 15.4 m s−1)

Answer: t1 = 10,000 ÷ 20 = 500 s; t2 = 800 ÷ 4 = 200 s. Total distance 10,800 m ÷ 700 s ≈ 15.4 m s−1. جواب: 15.4 m/s۔

2.9 A ball is dropped from the top of a tower. The ball reaches the ground in 5 seconds. Find the height of the tower and the velocity of the ball with which it strikes the ground. (Book answer: 125 m, 50 m s−1)

Answer: Height = ½ × 10 × 25 = 125 m. Velocity = 10 × 5 = 50 m s−1. جواب: 125 m، 50 m/s۔

2.10 A cricket ball is hit so that it travels straight up in the air. An observer notes that it took 3 seconds to reach the highest point. What was the initial velocity of the ball? If the ball was hit 1 m above the ground, how high did it rise from the ground? (Book answer: 30 m s−1, 46 m)

Answer: At the highest point v = 0 = vi − gt → vi = 10 × 3 = 30 m s−1. Height gained = vi2 ÷ 2g = 900 ÷ 20 = 45 m; from the ground: 45 + 1 = 46 m. جواب: 30 m/s، زمین سے 46 m۔