Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 Complete Guide Book — Dynamics | PunjabTest.com

Class 9 Physics Chapter 3 — Dynamics
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📑 اس Chapter میں یہ Topics ہیں / اس باب میں یہ ٹاپکس ہیں

  1. 2. 🛷 Newton's First Law and Inertia — نیوٹن کا پہلا قانون اور انرشیا
  2. 3. 📐 Newton's Second Law, Momentum and Impulse — نیوٹن کا دوسرا قانون، مومینٹم اور امپلس
  3. 4. 🤝 Newton's Third Law and Conservation of Momentum — نیوٹن کا تیسرا قانون اور مومینٹم کی بقا
  4. 5. 🧱 Friction — رگڑ
  5. 6. 🪂 Terminal Velocity — ٹرمینل ویلوسٹی
PROVENANCE / ماخذ کی وضاحت

This revised page was built from the existing Class 9 Physics library chapter (chapter-3-complete-guide-book.html) in the same series. No official Class 9 Physics book copy was on disk for a fresh page-by-page check, so no book page numbers are claimed and the exercise is carried over from the master chapter as given, not newly verified against the book. Answers follow the master chapter.

یہ نظرثانی شدہ صفحہ اسی سلسلے کے موجودہ جماعت نہم فزکس کے باب سے بنایا گیا ہے۔ کتاب کی کوئی مصدقہ نقل ڈسک پر موجود نہیں تھی، اس لیے کتاب کے صفحہ نمبرز کا دعویٰ نہیں کیا گیا، اور ایکسرسائز ماسٹر باب سے جوں کی توں لی گئی ہے۔

2. 🛷 Newton's First Law and Inertiaنیوٹن کا پہلا قانون اور انرشیا
🏷 Tags: newton, s, first, law, inertia
ENGLISH

Newton's first law: a body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force. This property is called inertia — the resistance of a body to a change in its motion. Mass measures inertia: a heavier body has more inertia.

Examples: when a car suddenly accelerates from rest, you are pushed back into the seat — your body tends to stay at rest. When a bus stops suddenly, you lurch forward — your body tends to keep moving. A body moving with constant velocity in free space (no net force) will keep that velocity forever. The first law cannot be perfectly proved on Earth because friction and air resistance can never be fully removed.

اردو

نیوٹن کا پہلا قانون: کوئی جسم اپنی سکون یا سیدھی لکیر میں یکساں حرکت کی حالت میں رہتا ہے جب تک اس پر کوئی بیرونی خالص فورس نہ لگے۔ اس خاصیت کو انرشیا کہتے ہیں۔ کمیت انرشیا کی پیمائش ہے۔

مثالیں: گاڑی اچانک چلے تو آپ سیٹ میں پیچھے دھکیلے جاتے ہیں؛ بس اچانک رکے تو آگے جھکتے ہیں۔ زمین پر پہلا قانون مکمل طور پر ثابت نہیں ہو سکتا کیونکہ رگڑ کبھی مکمل ختم نہیں ہوتی۔

Car accelerates →Youpushed backInertia: body resists change of motion
Figure samjho: Inertia: when the car accelerates, your body tends to stay at rest.
انرشیا: گاڑی چلے تو جسم پیچھے رہنے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔
3. 📐 Newton's Second Law, Momentum and Impulseنیوٹن کا دوسرا قانون، مومینٹم اور امپلس
🏷 Tags: newton, s, second, law, momentum, impulse
ENGLISH

Newton's second law: when a net force F acts on a mass m, it produces acceleration a in the direction of the force: F = ma. The force in the second law is a net (resultant) force — all forces combined. Weight is the gravitational force on a mass: w = mg (g = 10 N kg−1 in this book, so an 80 kg person weighs 800 N on Earth and 80 × 1.6 = 128 N on the Moon).

Momentum p = mv (unit kg m s−1). The second law can also be written as F = change in momentum ÷ time. Impulse = F × Δt = change in momentum (mΔv). A large force acting for a very short time is best described by its impulse — the product of force and time — which is easy to determine even when F itself is hard to measure.

اردو

نیوٹن کا دوسرا قانون: خالص فورس F کمیت m پر a ایکسلریشن پیدا کرتی ہے: F = ma۔ دوسرے قانون کی فورس خالص فورس ہوتی ہے۔ وزن w = mg ہے (اس کتاب میں g = 10 N/kg، اس لیے 80 kg شخص کا وزن زمین پر 800 N اور چاند پر 128 N)۔

مومینٹم p = mv۔ دوسرا قانون یوں بھی لکھا جا سکتا ہے: F = مومینٹم میں تبدیلی ÷ وقت۔ امپلس = F × Δt = مومینٹم میں تبدیلی۔ بہت کم وقت کے لیے لگنے والی بڑی فورس کو امپلس سے بیان کرنا آسان ہے۔

F = ma • p = mv • Impulse = FΔt = Δpm = 10 kgF = 5 Na = F/m = 0.5 m/s²After 5 s: v = at = 2.5 m/s
Figure samjho: Second law worked example: 5 N on 10 kg gives 0.5 m/s².
دوسرے قانون کی مثال: 10 kg پر 5 N سے 0.5 m/s²۔
4. 🤝 Newton's Third Law and Conservation of Momentumنیوٹن کا تیسرا قانون اور مومینٹم کی بقا
🏷 Tags: newton, s, third, law, conservation, momentum
ENGLISH

Newton's third law: to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The two forces act on different bodies — that is why they do not cancel: the horse's argument in the exercise is wrong because the force on the cart and the force on the horse act on different bodies, and the cart moves because of the net force on the cart (including friction with the ground).

Conservation of linear momentum: in the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system stays constant. This is equivalent to Newton's third law. Examples: a gun recoils when a bullet is fired (5 g bullet at 300 m s−1 from a 10 kg gun → recoil 0.15 m s−1 opposite); an astronaut throwing a wrench recoils the other way; two skaters pushing off move in opposite directions with momenta that cancel.

اردو

نیوٹن کا تیسرا قانون: ہر عمل کا برابر اور مخالف ردعمل ہوتا ہے۔ یہ دونوں فورسز مختلف اجسام پر لگتی ہیں، اس لیے ختم نہیں ہوتیں — گھوڑے کی دلیل اسی لیے غلط ہے کہ گاڑی پر لگنے والی فورس اور گھوڑے پر لگنے والی فورس الگ الگ اجسام پر ہیں۔

مومینٹم کی بقا: بیرونی فورس نہ ہو تو نظام کا کل مومینٹم ثابت رہتا ہے۔ یہ تیسرے قانون کے برابر ہے۔ مثالیں: بندوق کا پیچھے ہٹنا، خلاباز کا رنچ پھینک کر مخالف سمت میں جانا۔

Gunbullet →← recoilm₁v₁ = m₂v₂(opposite directions)
Figure samjho: Recoil: bullet forward, gun backward — total momentum conserved.
ری کوائل: گولی آگے، بندوق پیچھے — کل مومینٹم محفوظ۔
5. 🧱 Frictionرگڑ
🏷 Tags: friction
ENGLISH

Friction opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact. Static friction acts before motion starts (it adjusts up to a maximum); kinetic (sliding) friction acts during sliding and is usually smaller than maximum static friction. Rolling friction is much smaller than sliding friction — about a hundred times smaller — because a wheel touches the surface at (almost) a point: that is why ball bearings and wheels are used.

Friction is useful (walking, brakes, tyres gripping the road) and harmful (wear, wasted energy, heating). Lubricants reduce friction mainly by preventing direct contact of the surfaces. Tyre surface and braking force matter: worn, smooth tyres grip less, and a larger braking force stops a vehicle sooner.

اردو

رگڑ دو سطحوں کے درمیان نسبتی حرکت کی مخالفت کرتی ہے۔ اسٹیٹک رگڑ حرکت شروع ہونے سے پہلے لگتی ہے؛ کائنیٹک (سلائیڈنگ) رگڑ پھسلنے کے دوران لگتی ہے اور عام طور پر کم ہوتی ہے۔ رولنگ رگڑ سلائیڈنگ سے تقریباً سو گنا کم ہوتی ہے کیونکہ پہیہ سطح کو صرف ایک نقطے پر چھوتا ہے۔

رگڑ فائدہ مند بھی ہے (چلنا، بریک، ٹائر کی گرفت) اور نقصان دہ بھی (گھساؤ، توانائی کا ضیاع)۔ لبریکنٹ سطحوں کا براہ راست رابطہ روک کر رگڑ کم کرتا ہے۔

Block sliding →motion← friction opposes motionRolling: tiny contact → tiny friction
Figure samjho: Sliding friction opposes motion; rolling friction is far smaller.
سلائیڈنگ رگڑ حرکت کی مخالفت کرتی ہے؛ رولنگ رگڑ بہت کم ہوتی ہے۔
6. 🪂 Terminal Velocityٹرمینل ویلوسٹی
🏷 Tags: terminal, velocity
ENGLISH

A falling body accelerates under gravity, but air resistance (drag) grows with speed. Terminal velocity is the constant velocity reached when the upward air resistance exactly balances the downward weight — then net force is zero and acceleration stops. A skydiver reaches terminal velocity before opening the parachute; the open parachute increases drag enormously, so a new, much lower terminal velocity is reached for a safe landing.

This also explains why, in air, a light, wide object (a feather, a paper sheet) falls slower than a compact heavy one: drag matters more for it — in a vacuum both would fall together at g.

اردو

گرتا ہوا جسم کشش ثقل سے تیز ہوتا ہے، لیکن ہوا کی مزاحمت رفتار کے ساتھ بڑھتی ہے۔ ٹرمینل ویلوسٹی وہ مستقل ویلوسٹی ہے جب اوپر کی ہوا کی مزاحمت نیچے کے وزن کے برابر ہو جائے — پھر خالص فورس صفر اور ایکسلریشن ختم۔ پیراشوٹ کھلنے سے ڈریگ بہت بڑھ جاتا ہے اور نئی، بہت کم ٹرمینل ویلوسٹی ملتی ہے۔

اسی لیے ہوا میں ہلکی چوڑی چیز (پر، کاغذ) آہستہ گرتی ہے — خلا میں دونوں ایک ساتھ گرتے۔

weight ↓ = drag ↑net force = 0→ constant velocityTerminal velocity: acceleration stops, speed stays constant
Figure samjho: Terminal velocity: drag balances weight, so speed becomes constant.
ٹرمینل ویلوسٹی: ڈریگ وزن کے برابر، رفتار مستقل۔
Section A: Multiple Choice Questionsحصہ الف: کثیر الانتخابی سوالات
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
3.1 When we kick a stone, we get hurt. This is due to:
  • (a) inertia
  • (b) velocity
  • (c) momentum
  • (d) reactio

Answer: (d) Reaction — Newton's third law: the stone exerts an equal and opposite force on your foot. جواب: (ڈ) ردعمل — تیسرا قانون۔

3.2 An object will continue its motion with constant acceleration until:
  • (a) the resultant force on it begins to decrease.
  • (b) the resultant force on it is zero.
  • (c) the resultant force on it begins to increase.
  • (d) the resultant force is at right angle to its tangential velocity.

Answer: (b) The resultant force on it is zero — acceleration lasts only while a net force acts; when the net force becomes zero, acceleration becomes zero. جواب: (ب) جب خالص فورس صفر ہو جائے۔

3.3 Which of the following is a non-contact force?
  • (a) Frictio
  • (b) Air resistance
  • (c) Electrostatic force
  • (d) Tension in the string

Answer: (c) Electrostatic force — it acts between charges without touch; friction, air resistance and tension all need contact. جواب: (ج) الیکٹروسٹیٹک فورس۔

3.4 A ball with initial momentum p hits a solid wall and bounces back with the same velocity. Its momentum p′ after collision will be:
  • (a) p′ =
  • (b) p′ = −
  • (c) p′ = 2
  • (d) p′ = −2

Answer: (b) p′ = −p — same speed but opposite direction, so momentum reverses sign. (The change in momentum is −2p.) جواب: (ب) p′ = ‎−p — سمت الٹ جاتی ہے۔

3.5 A particle of mass m moving with a velocity v collides with another particle of the same mass at rest. The velocity of the first particle after collision is:
  • (a) v
  • (b) −v
  • (c) 0
  • (d) −1/2

Answer: (c) 0 — in an elastic collision of equal masses, the moving particle stops and the resting one takes its velocity (momentum and energy conserved). جواب: (ج) صفر — پہلا ذرہ رک جاتا ہے۔

3.6 Conservation of linear momentum is equivalent to:
  • (a) Newton's first law of motio
  • (b) Newton's second law of motio
  • (c) Newton's third law of motio
  • (d) None of these

Answer: (c) Newton's third law — equal and opposite forces in a collision change momenta by equal and opposite amounts, so total momentum is conserved. جواب: (ج) نیوٹن کا تیسرا قانون۔

3.7 An object with a mass of 5 kg moves at constant velocity of 10 m s−1. A constant force then acts for 5 seconds on the object and gives it a velocity of 2 m s−1 in the opposite direction. The force acting on the object is:
  • (a) 5 N
  • (b) −10 N
  • (c) −12 N
  • (d) −15 N

Answer: (c) −12 N — Δv = −2 − 10 = −12 m s−1; a = −12 ÷ 5 = −2.4 m s−2; F = 5 × (−2.4) = −12 N. جواب: (ج) ‎−12 N۔

3.8 A large force acts on an object for a very short interval of time. In this case, it is easy to determine:
  • (a) magnitude of force
  • (b) time interval
  • (c) product of force and time
  • (d) none of these

Answer: (c) Product of force and time — the impulse FΔt, which equals the change in momentum and can be found from velocities even when F and Δt separately are hard to measure. جواب: (ج) فورس اور وقت کا حاصل ضرب (امپلس)۔

3.9 A lubricant is usually introduced between two surfaces to decrease friction. The lubricant:
  • (a) decreases temperature
  • (b) acts as ball bearing
  • (c) prevents direct contact of the surface
  • (d) provides rolling frictio

Answer: (c) Prevents direct contact of the surfaces — a fluid layer keeps the rough surfaces apart, so friction falls. جواب: (ج) سطحوں کا براہ راست رابطہ روکتا ہے۔

Section C: Constructed Response Questionsحصہ ج: تعمیری جوابی سوالات
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
3.1 Two ice skaters weighing 60 kg and 80 kg, push off against each other on a frictionless ice track. The 60 kg skater gains a velocity of 4 m s−1. Considering all the relevant calculations involved, explain how Newton's third law applies to this situation.

Answer: The push forces are equal and opposite (third law). Momenta must cancel: 60 × 4 = 240 kg m s−1 one way, so the 80 kg skater gets 240 ÷ 80 = 3 m s−1 the opposite way. Total momentum stays zero. جواب: فورسز برابر مخالف؛ 80 kg اسکیٹر 3 m/s مخالف سمت میں جائے گا۔

3.2 Inflatable airbags are installed in the vehicles as safety equipment. In terms of momentum, what is the advantage of airbags over seatbelts?

Answer: Both stop the same change in momentum, but an airbag increases the stopping time Δt, so the average force F = Δp/Δt is much smaller — the same impulse spread over more time means less injury. جواب: ایئر بیگ رکنے کا وقت بڑھا دیتا ہے، اس لیے اوسط فورس کم ہو جاتی ہے۔

3.3 A horse refuses to pull a cart. The horse argues, “according to Newton's third law, whatever force I exert on the cart, the cart will exert an equal and opposite force on me. Since the net force will be zero, therefore, I have no chance of accelerating (pulling) the cart.” What is wrong with this reasoning?

Answer: The two forces act on different bodies (cart vs horse), so they never cancel for either body. The cart accelerates because of the net force on the cart (horse's pull minus friction); the horse moves because of the net force on the horse (ground's push minus the cart's pull). جواب: دونوں فورسز مختلف اجسام پر ہیں، اس لیے ختم نہیں ہوتیں؛ ہر جسم اپنی خالص فورس سے حرکت کرتا ہے۔

3.4 When a cricket ball hits high, a fielder tries to catch it. While holding the ball he/she draws hands backward. Why?

Answer: To increase the stopping time Δt. For the same change in momentum, a longer Δt gives a smaller force (F = Δp/Δt), so the hands hurt less and the ball is less likely to bounce out. جواب: رکنے کا وقت بڑھتا ہے، فورس کم ہو جاتی ہے، ہاتھ کم دکھتے ہیں۔

3.5 When someone jumps from a small boat onto the river bank, why does the jumper often fall into the water? Explain.

Answer: Action–reaction: as the jumper pushes the boat backward to jump forward, the boat moves backward (it is light and free on water). The jumper's forward push is partly spent moving the boat, so they may fall short into the water. جواب: چھلانگ میں کشتی پیچھے ہٹ جاتی ہے، اس لیے چھلانگ چھوٹی پڑ سکتی ہے۔

3.6 Imagine that if friction vanishes suddenly from everything, then what could be the scenario of daily life activities?

Answer: Walking would be impossible (feet would slip), vehicles could neither start nor stop, things could not be held or placed, screws and knots would undo, and even standing would fail — almost every daily activity depends on friction. جواب: چلنا، گاڑی چلانا/روکنا، چیزیں پکڑنا سب ناممکن — روزمرہ زندگی رک جائے گی۔

Section D: Comprehensive Questionsحصہ د: جامع سوالات
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
3.1 Explain the concept of force by practical examples.

Answer: Force is a push or pull: kicking a ball (changes motion), pressing clay (changes shape), brakes stopping a car (changes speed), a magnet pulling iron (acts at a distance). It is measured in newtons; it can change motion, direction or shape. جواب: دھکا/کھینچ — گیند کو لات، مٹی دبانا، بریک، مقناطیس کی کشش۔

3.2 Describe Newton's laws of motion.

Answer: First: a body keeps its state of rest/uniform motion unless a net force acts (inertia). Second: F = ma — net force produces acceleration in its own direction; also F = Δp/Δt. Third: every action has an equal and opposite reaction on a different body. جواب: پہلا: انرشیا؛ دوسرا: F = ma؛ تیسرا: برابر مخالف ردعمل۔

3.3 Define momentum and express Newton's 2nd law of motion in terms of change in momentum.

Answer: Momentum p = mv. Second law: F = (change in momentum) ÷ time = (mvf − mvi) ÷ t. For constant mass this gives F = ma. جواب: مومینٹم p = mv؛ دوسرا قانون: F = Δp/Δt۔

3.4 State and explain the principle of conservation of momentum.

Answer: In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains constant. In a collision, what one body loses the other gains (third law), so the sum before equals the sum after — used for recoil, rockets, collisions. جواب: بیرونی فورس نہ ہو تو کل مومینٹم ثابت رہتا ہے — تصادم، ری کوائل، راکٹ۔

3.5 Describe the motion of a block on a table taking into account the friction between the two surfaces. What is the static friction and kinetic friction?

Answer: A small push does not move the block: static friction grows to match the push (up to its maximum). Once the push exceeds maximum static friction, the block slides, and kinetic friction (smaller, roughly constant) opposes the sliding. If the push is removed, kinetic friction decelerates and stops it. جواب: پہلے اسٹیٹک رگڑ دھکے کے برابر بڑھتی ہے، پھر کائنیٹک رگڑ پھسلنے کی مخالفت کرتی ہے۔

3.6 Explain the effect of friction on the motion of vehicles in context of tyre surface and braking force.

Answer: Tyres need friction to grip the road: treaded tyres grip better, especially on wet roads; smooth/worn tyres slip. Braking uses friction at brakes and tyres: a larger braking force stops the vehicle sooner (greater retardation), but if braking force exceeds tyre grip, wheels skid and stopping distance grows. جواب: ٹائر کی گرفت رگڑ سے ہے؛ زیادہ بریک فورس جلد روکتی ہے، مگر گرفت سے زیادہ فورس پہیے پھسلا دیتی ہے۔

Section E: Numerical Problemsحصہ ہ: عددی مسائل
QUESTIONS + ANSWERS
3.1 A 10 kg block is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal force of 5 N is applied to the block. Find: (a) the acceleration produced in the block. (b) the velocity of block after 5 seconds. (Book answers: 0.5 m s−2, 2.5 m s−1)

Answer: (a) a = F/m = 5 ÷ 10 = 0.5 m s−2. (b) v = at = 0.5 × 5 = 2.5 m s−1. جواب: (الف) 0.5 m/s²، (ب) 2.5 m/s۔

3.2 The mass of a person is 80 kg. What will be his weight on the Earth? What will be his weight on the Moon? The value of acceleration due to gravity of Moon is 1.6 m s−2. (Book answers: 800 N, 128 N)

Answer: Earth: w = 80 × 10 = 800 N. Moon: w = 80 × 1.6 = 128 N. جواب: زمین پر 800 N، چاند پر 128 N۔

3.3 What force is required to increase the velocity of 800 kg car from 10 m s−1 to 30 m s−1 in 10 seconds? (Book answer: 1600 N)

Answer: a = (30 − 10) ÷ 10 = 2 m s−2. F = 800 × 2 = 1600 N. جواب: 1600 N۔

3.4 A 5 g bullet is fired by a gun. The bullet moves with a velocity of 300 m s−1. If the mass of the gun is 10 kg, find the recoil speed of the gun. (Book answer: −0.15 m s−1)

Answer: Momentum: 0.005 × 300 = 1.5 kg m s−1. Recoil speed = 1.5 ÷ 10 = 0.15 m s−1, opposite to the bullet (hence −0.15 m s−1). جواب: 0.15 m/s مخالف سمت میں۔

3.5 An astronaut weighs 70 kg. He throws a wrench of mass 300 g at a speed of 3.5 m s−1. Determine: (a) the speed of astronaut as he recoils away from the wrench. (b) the distance covered by the astronaut in 30 minutes. (Book answers: −1.5 × 10−2 m s−1, 27 m)

Answer: (a) 0.3 × 3.5 = 1.05 kg m s−1; recoil speed = 1.05 ÷ 70 = 0.015 = 1.5 × 10−2 m s−1 opposite. (b) Distance = 0.015 × (30 × 60) = 27 m. جواب: (الف) 1.5 × 10⁻² m/s، (ب) 27 m۔

3.6 A 6.5 × 103 kg bogie of a goods train is moving with a velocity of 0.8 m s−1. Another bogie of mass 9.2 × 103 kg coming from behind with a velocity of 1.2 m s−1 collides with the first one and couples to it. Find the common velocity of the two bogies after they become coupled. (Book answer: 1.03 m s−1)

Answer: Total momentum before = 6500 × 0.8 + 9200 × 1.2 = 5200 + 11,040 = 16,240. Total mass = 15,700 kg. Common velocity = 16,240 ÷ 15,700 ≈ 1.03 m s−1. جواب: 1.03 m/s۔

3.7 A cyclist weighing 55 kg rides a bicycle of mass 5 kg. He starts from rest and applies a force of 90 N for 8 seconds. Then he continues at a constant speed for another 8 seconds. Calculate the total distance travelled by the cyclist. (Book answer: 144 m)

Answer: Total mass 60 kg; a = 90 ÷ 60 = 1.5 m s−2. First 8 s: S1 = ½ × 1.5 × 64 = 48 m; v = 12 m s−1. Next 8 s at 12 m s−1: S2 = 96 m. Total = 144 m. جواب: 144 m۔

3.8 A ball of mass 0.4 kg is dropped on the floor from a height of 1.8 m. The ball rebounds straight upward to a height of 0.8 m. What is the magnitude and direction of the impulse applied to the ball by the floor? (Book answer: 4 N s, upward)

Answer: Speed just before hit: √(2 × 10 × 1.8) = 6 m s−1 down. Speed just after: √(2 × 10 × 0.8) = 4 m s−1 up. Change in momentum = 0.4 × (4 − (−6)) = 0.4 × 10 = 4 N s upward. جواب: 4 N s اوپر کی طرف۔

3.9 Two balls of masses 0.2 kg and 0.4 kg are moving towards each other with velocities 20 m s−1 and 5 m s−1 respectively. After collision, the velocity of 0.2 kg ball becomes 6 m s−1. What will be the velocity of 0.4 kg ball? (Book answer: 2 m s−1)

Answer: Take the 0.2 kg ball's direction as positive: initial momentum = 0.2 × 20 + 0.4 × (−5) = 4 − 2 = 2. After: 0.2 × 6 + 0.4 × v = 2 → 0.4v = 0.8 → v = 2 m s−1 (in the first ball's original direction). جواب: 2 m/s۔